Border Collie
Updated November 30, 2025
The Border Collie is a breed of herding dog of medium size. They are known for their intelligence, athleticism, and trainability. They are often cited as the most intelligent of all domestic dogs and are primarily used for herding livestock.
Intelligent, Energetic, Alert, Responsive, Tenacious
27-45 pounds
18-22 inches
12-15 years
Black, Blue, Blue Merle, Brindle, Gold, Lilac, Red, Red Merle, Sable, Sable Merle, White & Black, White & Blue, White & Blue Merle, White & Red, White & Red Merle, White Ticked
At a Glance
Good with Kids
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About Border Collie
The Border Collie is a breed of herding dog of medium size. They are known for their intelligence, athleticism, and trainability. They are often cited as the most intelligent of all domestic dogs and are primarily used for herding livestock.
What Makes Border Collies Special
The quintessential 'workaholic' of the dog world, the Border Collie is a brilliant and energetic breed.
Their intelligence and drive make them unparalleled in herding and other canine sports.
They form strong bonds with their families and are loyal and affectionate companions.
Without a proper outlet for their energy, they can become neurotic and destructive.
Border Collie History & Origin
The Border Collie originated in the border country between Scotland and England, where they were bred for their herding abilities. Their name reflects their origin. The breed was developed purely for working ability, with a focus on intelligence and stamina.
The breed was standardized from landrace collies that were common in the British Isles.
A dog named Old Hemp, born in 1893, is considered the foundation sire of the Border Collie breed.
The American Kennel Club recognized the Border Collie in 1995.
Their exceptional herding skills and intelligence have made them popular in various canine sports and as working dogs in many fields.
Border Collie Characteristics
Dogs are individuals and not all dogs, even those of the same breed, will exhibit all the same qualities.
Care Requirements
Exercise Needs
Grooming Needs
Training Needs
Health Issues
Shedding Level
Border Collie Appearance
The Border Collie is a well-balanced, medium-sized dog with an athletic appearance that suggests stamina and agility.
Their famous 'herding eye' is a key characteristic, an intense gaze they use to control livestock.
They come in a variety of coat colors and patterns.
Physical Features
Ears
Medium in size, set well apart, and can be carried erect or semi-erect.
Eyes
Oval-shaped, of moderate size, and can be any color, though brown is most common. Blue eyes are sometimes seen in merles.
Nose
The nose is typically black. In chocolate-colored dogs, it can be brown, and in blue merles, it can be slate.
Coat & Build
Coat Length
The coat can be either rough (medium-long and feathered) or smooth (short and coarse).
Coat Color
While black and white is the most common color, Border Collies come in a wide variety of colors and patterns, including tri-color, red, blue, and merle.
Tail
The tail is moderately long and set low, with a characteristic upward swirl at the end, often tipped with white.
Border Collie Temperament
The Border Collie is a dynamo of a dog, celebrated for its intelligence, boundless energy, and work ethic.
They are highly trainable and eager to please, capable of learning a remarkable number of commands and tricks.
Their herding instinct is strong, which can sometimes translate to nipping at heels or 'herding' children and other pets.
While affectionate with their families, they can be reserved with strangers.
A bored Border Collie is a recipe for mischief; they require significant mental and physical stimulation to be happy and well-behaved.
Temperament Traits
Good With
Health
Border Collies are generally healthy, but like all breeds, they're prone to certain health conditions. Responsible breeders screen their stock for these issues.
Common Health Issues
Preventive Care
Regular veterinary check-ups, genetic screening of parents, proper nutrition, and maintaining a healthy weight.
How to Care for a Border Collie
Border Collies are high-maintenance in terms of their need for activity and mental engagement. They are best suited for active owners who can provide them with a 'job' to do, whether it's herding, agility, or advanced obedience training.
Grooming
Border Collies have two coat varieties: a short, smooth coat and a longer, rough coat. Both types are double coats that shed seasonally.
Weekly brushing is generally sufficient to keep the coat clean and free of mats, with more frequent brushing during shedding seasons.
Baths are only needed occasionally.
Regular nail trims, ear cleaning, and dental care are also essential for their overall health.
Training
Border Collies are exceptionally intelligent and highly trainable, excelling in obedience and various dog sports.
Early socialization and puppy training classes are crucial to channel their energy and intelligence positively.
They thrive on positive reinforcement and enjoy the challenge of learning new things.
Due to their intelligence, they can also learn undesirable behaviors quickly, so consistency is key.
Diet
A high-quality diet appropriate for their age, size, and high energy level is essential.
Portion control is important to prevent obesity, which can contribute to health problems.
Fresh, clean water should be available at all times.
Exercise
This breed has very high exercise needs, requiring more than just a walk around the block.
At least an hour of vigorous daily exercise is recommended, such as running, swimming, or playing fetch.
Mental stimulation is just as important as physical exercise. Puzzle toys, training sessions, and canine sports are great ways to keep their minds engaged.
Environment
Border Collies thrive in homes with ample space to run and play, making a house with a fenced yard ideal.
They are not well-suited for apartment living due to their high energy and exercise requirements.
They do best with active families or individuals who can include them in various activities.
Living Conditions
Space Requirements
A home with a large, securely fenced yard is ideal.
Climate Adaptability
Adaptable to various climates but should be monitored in extreme heat.
Apartment Living
Not suitable for apartment life.
Best Suited For
Best suited for highly active owners or families who enjoy outdoor activities and can provide mental challenges.
Training Tips
Frequently Asked Questions
Are Border Collies good family dogs?
They can be excellent family dogs for active families who can meet their extensive exercise and mental stimulation needs. Their herding instincts may need to be managed around small children.
Do Border Collies bark a lot?
They can be prone to barking, especially if they are bored or not adequately exercised. They are alert and will bark to notify their owners of anything unusual.
How much exercise does a Border Collie need?
A Border Collie needs at least 1-2 hours of vigorous exercise per day, in addition to mental stimulation.
Are Border Collies easy to train?
Yes, they are exceptionally intelligent and eager to please, making them one of the easiest breeds to train.
Can a Border Collie live in an apartment?
It is not recommended. They are highly active dogs that need more space than an apartment can typically offer.
Specialized Care Guides
Puppy Care
Early socialization and training are essential. Provide appropriate outlets for their energy and herding instincts.
Senior Care
Adjust exercise to their ability, monitor for joint issues, and maintain a healthy weight.
First-Time Owner Tips
Not generally recommended for first-time owners due to their high energy and need for mental stimulation.
Looking for a Border Collie?
Connect with responsible breeders, rescue organizations, and pet adoption services in your area.