Xoloitzcuintli
Updated November 27, 2025
The Xoloitzcuintli is an ancient Aztec dog of the gods, now serving as a loving companion and vigilant watchdog. They are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and unique hairless varieties.
Loyal, Intelligent, Calm, Alert, Companionable
10-55 pounds
10-23 inches
13-18 years
Black, Gray-Black, Slate, Red, Liver, Bronze, Copper & White, Brindle
At a Glance
Good with Kids
Jump to Section
About Xoloitzcuintli
The Xoloitzcuintli is an ancient Aztec dog of the gods, now serving as a loving companion and vigilant watchdog. They are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and unique hairless varieties.
What Makes Xoloitzcuintlis Special
The Xoloitzcuintli is a loving and loyal companion that forms a deep bond with its family. Their ancient and unique appearance, combined with their calm yet alert nature, makes them a fascinating and cherished breed.
Xoloitzcuintli History & Origin
The Xoloitzcuintli is one of the oldest and rarest dog breeds in the world, with a history dating back over 3,000 years in Mexico. They were highly esteemed by ancient civilizations like the Aztecs, who considered them sacred.
The breed's name comes from the Aztec god Xolotl and the Nahuatl word for dog, Itzcuintli.
Archaeological evidence of the breed has been found in the tombs of ancient indigenous peoples, including the Maya and Toltec.
The American Kennel Club first recognized the breed as the "Mexican Hairless" in 1887.
The breed was officially designated as the National Dog of Mexico in 1956.
Xoloitzcuintli Characteristics
Dogs are individuals and not all dogs, even those of the same breed, will exhibit all the same qualities.
Care Requirements
Exercise Needs
Grooming Needs
Training Needs
Health Issues
Shedding Level
Xoloitzcuintli Appearance
The Xoloitzcuintli has a graceful and elegant appearance, with a sleek body and a thoughtful expression. They come in three sizes: toy, miniature, and standard, and two varieties: hairless and coated.
Physical Features
Ears
The ears are large, expressive, and stand erect when the dog is alert, giving them a 'bat-like' appearance.
Eyes
Their almond-shaped eyes convey an intelligent and noble character. The color can range from yellow to black.
Nose
The nose color typically corresponds with the coat or skin color, being dark on darker dogs.
Coat & Build
Coat Length
The hairless variety is predominantly without hair, though some may have a small amount of short, coarse hair on the head, feet, and tail. The coated variety has a short, smooth, and tight-fitting coat.
Coat Color
Common colors include black, gray-black, slate, red, liver, or bronze. White spots and markings are also seen.
Tail
The tail is long and fine, tapering to the tip. It is carried in a graceful curve when they are moving.
Xoloitzcuintli Temperament
The Xoloitzcuintli is known for its calm and tranquil nature, but is also alert and attentive to its surroundings, making it an excellent watchdog.
They form a strong bond with their family and can be reserved or wary around strangers.
While intelligent and trainable, they can also have an independent streak.
This breed is known for being very clean and will often groom itself like a cat.
Temperament Traits
Good With
Health
The Xoloitzcuintli is generally a hardy breed with a lifespan of 13 to 18 years. Being aware of potential health issues can help ensure a long and healthy life.
Common Health Issues
Preventive Care
Regular vet check-ups, proper skin care, a balanced diet, and consistent exercise.
How to Care for a Xoloitzcuintli
Caring for a Xoloitzcuintli involves special attention to their skin if hairless, as well as meeting their moderate exercise and training needs to ensure a well-adjusted companion.
Grooming
The hairless variety requires regular bathing to prevent clogged pores and may need moisturizer to prevent dry skin. Sunscreen is essential when outdoors to protect their skin from sunburn.
The coated variety has minimal grooming needs, requiring only occasional brushing to remove loose hair.
Both varieties need regular nail trims and ear cleaning.
Training
Xolos are intelligent and generally easy to train, responding well to positive reinforcement.
Early socialization and puppy training classes are vital to help them become well-mannered and to temper their natural wariness of strangers.
Consistent training and clear boundaries are important for this breed.
Diet
A high-quality, balanced diet appropriate for their age (puppy, adult, or senior) and size is essential.
Some Xolos can be prone to weight gain, so it's important to monitor their calorie intake and weight level.
The hairless variety is often missing some teeth, but this does not typically affect their ability to eat.
Exercise
Xoloitzcuintlis have moderate exercise needs, typically requiring 30 minutes to an hour of daily activity.
Activities can include daily walks, playtime, and mental stimulation through puzzle toys and training.
While they enjoy outdoor activities, they are generally calm and tranquil around the house.
Environment
Xolos can adapt to various living situations, including apartments, as long as their exercise needs are met.
They are sensitive to extreme temperatures. In cold weather, a coat or sweater is necessary, and in hot weather, they need protection from the sun.
They thrive on companionship and do not do well when left alone for long periods.
Living Conditions
Space Requirements
Adaptable to various living spaces, including apartments.
Climate Adaptability
Prefers warmer climates and needs protection from extreme cold and sun.
Apartment Living
Can do well in apartments if exercised regularly.
Best Suited For
Best suited for individuals or families who can provide plenty of attention and companionship.
Training Tips
Frequently Asked Questions
Are Xoloitzcuintli good family dogs?
Yes, they can be excellent family dogs as they are loyal and form strong bonds. They are generally good with children who know how to interact respectfully with a dog.
Do Xoloitzcuintli shed a lot?
The hairless variety does not shed. The coated variety sheds very little.
How much exercise do Xoloitzcuintli need?
They require a moderate amount of exercise, typically 30 to 60 minutes a day.
Are Xoloitzcuintli easy to train?
They are intelligent and trainable, but their independent nature requires consistency and patience from the owner.
Are Xoloitzcuintli hypoallergenic?
While no dog is 100% hypoallergenic, the hairless variety is often a good choice for people with allergies to dog hair.
Specialized Care Guides
Puppy Care
Early and consistent socialization is key, along with gentle skin care for hairless puppies.
Senior Care
Monitor for joint issues and adjust exercise as needed. Continue regular vet check-ups.
First-Time Owner Tips
Can be a good choice for committed first-time owners who are prepared for their unique care needs and training requirements.
Looking for a Xoloitzcuintli?
Connect with responsible breeders, rescue organizations, and pet adoption services in your area.