Xoloitzcuintli

Updated November 27, 2025

Xoloitzcuintli sitting on an isolated background

The Xoloitzcuintli is an ancient Aztec dog of the gods, now serving as a loving companion and vigilant watchdog. They are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and unique hairless varieties.

Temperament

Loyal, Intelligent, Calm, Alert, Companionable

Weight

10-55 pounds

Height

10-23 inches

Life Expectancy

13-18 years

Coat Color

Black, Gray-Black, Slate, Red, Liver, Bronze, Copper & White, Brindle

At a Glance

Good with Kids

4/5

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Characteristics Appearance Temperament Care Health History FAQs

About Xoloitzcuintli

The Xoloitzcuintli is an ancient Aztec dog of the gods, now serving as a loving companion and vigilant watchdog. They are known for their loyalty, intelligence, and unique hairless varieties.

13-18 years
Lifespan
10-55 pounds
Weight
10-23 inches
Height
N/A
Energy Level

What Makes Xoloitzcuintlis Special

The Xoloitzcuintli is a loving and loyal companion that forms a deep bond with its family. Their ancient and unique appearance, combined with their calm yet alert nature, makes them a fascinating and cherished breed.

Xoloitzcuintli History & Origin

The Xoloitzcuintli is one of the oldest and rarest dog breeds in the world, with a history dating back over 3,000 years in Mexico. They were highly esteemed by ancient civilizations like the Aztecs, who considered them sacred.

The breed's name comes from the Aztec god Xolotl and the Nahuatl word for dog, Itzcuintli.

Archaeological evidence of the breed has been found in the tombs of ancient indigenous peoples, including the Maya and Toltec.

The American Kennel Club first recognized the breed as the "Mexican Hairless" in 1887.

The breed was officially designated as the National Dog of Mexico in 1956.

Xoloitzcuintli Characteristics

Individual Variation

Dogs are individuals and not all dogs, even those of the same breed, will exhibit all the same qualities.

Care Requirements

Exercise Needs

Couch Potato Star Athlete

Grooming Needs

Minimal Grooming Extensive Grooming

Training Needs

Requires Minimal Training Requires a Lot of Training

Health Issues

Few Known Health Issues Many Known Health Issues

Shedding Level

Sheds a Little Sheds a Lot

Xoloitzcuintli Appearance

The Xoloitzcuintli has a graceful and elegant appearance, with a sleek body and a thoughtful expression. They come in three sizes: toy, miniature, and standard, and two varieties: hairless and coated.

Physical Features

Ears

The ears are large, expressive, and stand erect when the dog is alert, giving them a 'bat-like' appearance.

Eyes

Their almond-shaped eyes convey an intelligent and noble character. The color can range from yellow to black.

Nose

The nose color typically corresponds with the coat or skin color, being dark on darker dogs.

Coat & Build

Coat Length

The hairless variety is predominantly without hair, though some may have a small amount of short, coarse hair on the head, feet, and tail. The coated variety has a short, smooth, and tight-fitting coat.

Coat Color

Common colors include black, gray-black, slate, red, liver, or bronze. White spots and markings are also seen.

Tail

The tail is long and fine, tapering to the tip. It is carried in a graceful curve when they are moving.

Xoloitzcuintli Temperament

The Xoloitzcuintli is known for its calm and tranquil nature, but is also alert and attentive to its surroundings, making it an excellent watchdog.

They form a strong bond with their family and can be reserved or wary around strangers.

While intelligent and trainable, they can also have an independent streak.

This breed is known for being very clean and will often groom itself like a cat.

Temperament Traits

LoyalIntelligentCalmAlertCompanionable

Good With

Health

The Xoloitzcuintli is generally a hardy breed with a lifespan of 13 to 18 years. Being aware of potential health issues can help ensure a long and healthy life.

Common Health Issues

Skin Issues - The hairless variety can be prone to acne, dryness, and sunburn due to their exposed skin.
Dental Problems - Missing teeth are common in the hairless variety, which is a trait linked to the hairless gene.
Hip Dysplasia - This is a condition where the hip joint doesn't develop properly, which can occur in the breed.
Patellar Luxation - This involves the dislocation of the kneecap.
Obesity - They have a healthy appetite and can become overweight if their diet and exercise are not managed.

Preventive Care

Regular vet check-ups, proper skin care, a balanced diet, and consistent exercise.

How to Care for a Xoloitzcuintli

Caring for a Xoloitzcuintli involves special attention to their skin if hairless, as well as meeting their moderate exercise and training needs to ensure a well-adjusted companion.

Living Conditions

Space Requirements

Adaptable to various living spaces, including apartments.

Climate Adaptability

Prefers warmer climates and needs protection from extreme cold and sun.

Apartment Living

Can do well in apartments if exercised regularly.

Best Suited For

Best suited for individuals or families who can provide plenty of attention and companionship.

Training Tips

Frequently Asked Questions

Specialized Care Guides

Puppy Care

Early and consistent socialization is key, along with gentle skin care for hairless puppies.

Senior Care

Monitor for joint issues and adjust exercise as needed. Continue regular vet check-ups.

First-Time Owner Tips

Can be a good choice for committed first-time owners who are prepared for their unique care needs and training requirements.